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What do pyramidality, poetry, chair, red, or foxy really “mean”? If we try to answer this by discovering what they “mean to us,” we are behaving empirically, although under a certain handicap. It is easier to discover what they “mean” to someone else . . . the basic formula is simple: manipulate stimuli and, through the presence or absence of the response, identify the effective controlling properties. (pp. 112-113)