On January 4, 2016, the B. F. Skinner Foundation launched a new project – Skinner’s Quote of the Day. Quotes from B. F. Skinner’s works, selected by renowned scientists, appear daily Monday-Friday in order, starting with Chapter 1 of each book and running all the way through the last chapter. We started with the Science and Human Behavior (January-December 2916), followed by About Behaviorism (January-November 2017), Contingencies of Reinforcement (January-October 2018), Recent Issues (October 2018-May 2019), Reflections on Behaviorism and Society (May 2019-February 2020), and now moving on to Upon Further Reflection (from February 10 2020).
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When we have studied the performances generated by various contingencies of reinforcement in a single arbitrary response, we can move on to two or more concurrent responses. Instead of one…
I propose to analyze the behavior of psychologists. Why are they not currently developing the pure science of human behavior from which such tremendous technological advances would certainly flow? How…
Very little current research is reported in the frame of reference of a comprehensive theory. Nor has the point of view of an experimental analysis yet reached far afield. Many…
The principles of an experimental analysis are now being extended to the field of verbal behavior, and it is inconceivable that the results will not be used to improve instructional…
We do not really explain “disturbed behavior” by attributing it to “anxiety” until we have also explained the anxiety. The extra step required is in the spirit of an experimental…
It is possible that theories of behavior derived from the clinic or from field studies, rather than from the laboratory, are on the wane. A strict Freudian psychology, for example,…
Given unlimited power it is possible that we should all become selfish monsters. (p. 334)
Fortunately, there are those who are inclined to do something about the mistreatment of children, the aged, prisoners, psychotics, and retardates. We say that they care, but it is important…
It would be difficult for a normal child to develop normally under many forms of institutional care. (p. 333)
Compassion will not explain action until the compassion has in turn been explained. (p.331)
When someone mistreats us, we may feel angry or enraged, but if we call him bad and his behavior wrong or take more effective action, it is not because of…
The close check with reality characteristic of experimental analysis would be most likely to expose the fictional entities which had played so devastating a role in what passed for psychological…
. . . the special control of variables attainable only in laboratory experimentation would ultimately supply the account which, being in closest accord with the actual properties of the human…
After all, it was the same man who was of interest to psychologists, political scientists, theologians, psychotherapists, economists, educators, literary critics, and scientific methodologists. Why should there be a different…
If the history of science were any guide, an effective psychology would eventually develop a central conception of human behavior which not only would be fundamentally “right” in the sense…
We cannot remedy the situation by mere dialectic. We need to arrive at a theory of human behavior which is not only plausible, not only sufficiently convincing to be “sold”…
There are facts which have been well established for centuries which are incompatible with the traditional theories of human behavior, and these theories move about in the modern world in…
The survival of the traditional conception of man as a free and responsible agent is an excellent example of the general principle that a theory is never overthrown by facts,…
The most important contribution that psychology can make today is a workable theory of behavior in the present sense—a conception of man which is in accord with all the facts…
As everyone knows, many technical procedures which would improve our practices in education, law, politics, and so on are now available. (p. 357)
One important role of a scientific theory of behavior, then, is to replace the theories which now pervade our thinking, which are part of our everyday speech, which Influence all…
The lack of an adequate understanding of human behavior is most cruelly felt in the field of government and world affairs. We are faced with the disheartening spectacle of hundreds…
Ancient theories of the nature of man recur again and again with their familiar cant—“an integrated view of life,” “a sense of personal responsibility,” “a capacity to experience and understand…
Whatever his field, the social scientist does not currently find in the science of psychology a conceptual scheme with which he can talk about human behavior consistently and effectively. Economic…
In any event an independent theory of behavior is not only possible, it is highly desirable, and such a theory is in no sense opposed to physiological speculation or research.…
The hypothetical physiological mechanisms which inspire so much research in psychology are not acceptable as substitutes for a behavioral theory. On the contrary, because they introduce many irrelevant matters, they…
As the science of physiology advances, it will presumably be possible to show what is happening in various structures within the organism during particular behavioral events, and the theoretical systems…
The simple fact is that psychologists have never made a thoroughgoing renunciation of the inner man. He is surreptitiously appealed to from time to time in all our thinking, especially…
A proper theory must be able to represent the multiplicity of response systems. It must do something more: it must abolish the conception of the individual as a doer, as…
The integrity or unity of the individual has been assumed, perhaps because the organism is a biological unit. But it is quite clear that more than one person, in the…
Since we have not clearly identified the significant data of a science of behavior, we do not arrive well prepared at the second stage of theory building, at which we…
It may be that the notion of a unit of response is at fault and that a final statement will reflect the fluidity and continuity of behavior as a whole.…
The current theoretical practice which is objectionable is the use of a hypothetical neural structure, the conceptual nervous system, as a theory of behavior. The neurological references introduced into such…
The other current explanatory theory flourishes with greater prestige and presumably in more robust health. This is the physiological theory of behavior. The inner man is given neurological properties, with…
In psychiatry the score would be almost a hundred to one in favor of an appeal to psychic determiners of behavior. (p. 348)
Whether particular experimental psychologists like it or not, experimental psychology is properly and inevitably committed to the construction of a theory of behavior. (p. 348)
Facts and theories do not stand in opposition to each other. The relation, rather, is this: theories are based upon facts; they are statements about organizations of facts. (p. 348)
There is no more pathetic figure in psychology today than the mere collector of facts, who operates, or thinks he operates, with no basis for selecting one fact as against…
It is not true that human behavior is not controlled. At least we cannot proceed very far as scientists on that assumption. To have a science of psychology at all,…
It is a familiar complaint that the kind of control possible in the laboratory is impossible in the world at large . . . This position is bound to grow…
Correlational techniques have been extensively used in pure research, and the reason they have dominated the science of psychology in its application to education, industry, public affairs, and elsewhere is…
The two approaches represent different scientific plans and lead to different results. It is curious that our definition should single out the kind of result which has been traditionally accepted…
One interesting consequence of defining experimental psychology as a branch of the science in which we control the variables which govern behavior is that we thus exclude most investigations using…
In more formal terms we manipulate certain “independent variables” and observe the effect upon a “dependent variable.” In psychology the dependent variable, to which we look for an effect, is…
In psychology, as in any science, the heart of the experimental method is the direct control of the thing studied. When we say, “Let us try an experiment,” we mean,…
To simplify the material of a science is one of the purposes of a laboratory, and simplification is worthwhile whenever it does not actually falsify. But the experimental psychologist has…
Sympathetic understanding may suggest the design of a reinforcing environment, but it will not specify details. What is needed is technical knowledge of the effects of the environment on human…
Help is charity only for the helpless. We do not help those who can help themselves when we make it unnecessary for them to do so. Instead, we deprive them…
We have developed more and more efficient ways of getting the things we need, and in doing so we have deprived ourselves of some powerful reinforcers. We have built a…
The human organism has evolved under conditions in which great effort has been needed for survival, and a person is in a very real sense less than human when he…