On January 4, 2016, the B. F. Skinner Foundation launched a new project – Skinner’s Quote of the Day. Quotes from B. F. Skinner’s works, selected by renowned scientists, appear daily Monday-Friday in order, starting with Chapter 1 of each book and running all the way through the last chapter. We started with the Science and Human Behavior (January-December 2916), followed by About Behaviorism (January-November 2017), Contingencies of Reinforcement (January-October 2018), Recent Issues (October 2018-May 2019), Reflections on Behaviorism and Society (May 2019-February 2020), and now moving on to Upon Further Reflection (from February 10 2020).
You can leave your comments here (registered users only), or join the discussion on our open Facebook forum. Please keep your comments brief and directly related to the quote.
"Freud had devised, and never abandoned faith in, one of the most elaborate mental apparatuses of all time. He nevertheless contributed to the behavioristic argument by showing that mental activity…
"It was John B. Watson who made the first clear, if rather noisy, proposal that psychology should be regarded simply as a science of behavior. He was not in a…
"Almost all current textbooks compromise: rather than risk a loss of adoptions, they define psychology as the science of behavior and mental life." (p. 223) Subscribe to RSS feed…
"If psychology is a science of mental life—of the mind, of conscious experience—then it must develop and defend a special methodology, which it has not yet done successfully. If it…
"In short, we can solve the problem of aggression by building a world in which damage to others has no survival value and, for that or other reasons, never functions…
"The environmental solution becomes more plausible the more we know about the contingencies." (p. 216) Subscribe to RSS feed here
"Damage to others may be reinforcing for several reasons." (p. 210) Subscribe to RSS feed here
"If, through evolutionary selection, a given response becomes easier and easier to condition as an operant, then some phylogenic behavior may have had an ontogenic origin." (pp. 203-204) Subscribe…
"Is a chimpanzee learning binary arithmetic in a laboratory (45) showing chimpanzee or human behavior? The chimpanzees who “manned” early satellites were conditioned under complex contingencies of reinforcement, and their…
"The basic issue is not whether behavior is instinctive or learned, as if these adjectives described essences, but whether we have correctly identified the variables responsible for the provenance of…
"The basic issue is not whether behavior is instinctive or learned, as if these adjectives described essences, but whether we have correctly identified the variables responsible for the provenance of…
"The vocal responses in the human child which are so easily shaped by operant reinforcement are not controlled by specific releasers. It was the development of an undifferentiated vocal repertoire…
"Konrad Lorenz’s recent book On Aggression (Lorenz, 1966) could be seriously misleading if it diverts our attention from relevant manipulable variables in the current environment to phylogenic contingencies which, in…
"Certainly no land mammal is now living in the environment which selected its principal genetic features, behavioral or otherwise. Current environments are almost as “unnatural” as a laboratory. In any…
"In the experimental analysis of behavior many species differences are minimized . . . species differences in sensory equipment, in effector systems, in susceptibility to reinforcement, and in possibly disruptive…
"It is often said that an analysis of behavior in terms of ontogenic contingencies “leaves something out of account,” and this is true. It leaves out of account habits, ideas,…
"Ontogenic contingencies remain ineffective until a response has occurred. The rat must press the lever at least once “for other reasons” before it presses it “for food.” (p. 175) …
"The topography of an operant need not be completely fixed, but some defining property must be available to identify instances. An emphasis upon the occurrence of a repeatable unit distinguishes…
"Upon a given occasion we observe that an animal displays a certain kind of behavior—learned or unlearned. We describe its topography and evaluate its probability. We discover variables, genetic or…
"No reputable student of animal behavior has ever taken the position “that the animal comes to the laboratory as a virtual tabula rasa, that species differences are insignificant, and that…
"[Watson] was actually, as Gray (1963) has pointed out, “one of the earliest and one of the most careful workers in the area of animal ethology.” Yet, he is probably…
"Parts of the behavior of an organism concerned with the internal economy, as in respiration or digestion, have always been accepted as “inherited,” and there is no reason why some…
"A species which has developed the capacity to learn from one experience—to change its behavior as the result of a single reinforcement—is vulnerable to adventitious reinforcement. The reinforcer which follows…
"The conclusion to which a scientist comes at the end of an experiment was not necessarily in existence as a hypothesis before or during the experiment." (p. 153) Subscribe…
"The difference between rule-following and contingency-shaped behavior may be observed as one passes from one to the other in “discovering the truth” of a rule." (p. 151) Subscribe to…
"When operant experiments with human subjects are simplified by instructing the subjects in the operation of the equipment . . . , the resulting behavior may resemble that which follows…
"A rule is simply an object in the environment. Why should it be important? This is the sort of question which always plagues the dualist. Descartes could not explain how…
"Science is in large part a direct analysis of the reinforcing systems found in nature; it is concerned with facilitating the behavior which is reinforced by them." (p. 143) …
"As a culture evolves, it encourages running comment [on contingencies] and thus prepares its members to solve problems most effectively. Cultures which divert attention from behavior to mental events said…
"It is particularly helpful to describe behavior which fails to satisfy contingencies, as in I let go too soon or I struck too hard. Even fragmentary descriptions of contingencies speed…
"A child learns to describe both the world to which he is reacting and the consequences of his reactions . . . Descriptions of his own behavior are especially important.…
"Scientific laws also specify or imply responses and their consequences. They are not, of course, obeyed by nature but by men who deal effectively with nature." (p. 141) Subscribe…
"The codification of legal practices, justly recognized as a great advance in the history of civilization, is an extraordinary example of the construction of SD’s." (p. 141) Subscribe to…
"It is because programmed instruction eliminates much problem solving that some objections have been raised against it. The programmer solves the learner’s problems for him. How does he do so?…
"The changes which contribute to such a [trial-and-error] curve include the adaptation and extinction of emotional responses, the conditioning of reinforcers, and the extinction of unreinforced responses. Any contribution made…
"The expression [trial and error] is unfortunate. “Try” implies that a response has already been affected by relevant consequences . . . The term “error” does not describe behavior, it…
"Since there is probably no behavioral process which is not relevant to the solving of some problem, an exhaustive analysis of techniques would coincide with an analysis of behavior as…
"The behavior observed when a man solves a problem is distinguished by the fact that it changes another part of his behavior and is reinforced and strengthened when it does…
"The “referent” of an abstract response is not identifiable upon any one occasion. Only by surveying many instances can we identify the properties of stimuli and responses which enter into…
"Contingencies cannot always be detected upon a given occasion. Although a response is reinforced, we cannot be sure what property satisfied the contingencies and hence defines the operant." (131) …
"An operant is a class, of which a response is an instance or member." (p. 131) Subscribe to RSS feed here
"Reinforcement strengthens responses which differ in topography from the response reinforced . . . This is a characteristic of behavior which has strong survival value (see Chapter 7), since it…
"Freud argued, for example, that events in a person’s early life may be responsible for the fact that he now tends to act in ways which damage others and is…
"Peterson has shown that imprinting in the young duckling is largely a matter of being reinforced by increasing proximity to the mother or imprinted object; increased proximity is reinforcing even…
"The contingencies of reinforcement which define operant behavior are widespread if not ubiquitous. Those who are sensitive to this fact are sometimes embarrassed by the frequency with which they see…
"–when a man explicitly states his purpose in acting in a given way he may, indeed, be constructing a “contemporary surrogate of future consequences” which will affect subsequent behavior, possibly…
"To say that “the child who learns a language has in some sense constructed the grammar for himself” is as misleading as to say that a dog which has learned…
"The behavior of one who speaks correctly by applying the rules of a grammar merely resembles the behavior of one who speaks correctly from long experience in a verbal community.…
"The introspective vocabulary used in circumventing an experimental analysis is hopelessly inadequate for the kinds of facts currently under investigation. If one field is to borrow from the other, the…
"There is no reason why a description of contingencies of reinforcement should have the same effect as exposure to the contingencies." (p. 115) Subscribe to RSS feed here