"The association of reinforcement with feeling is so strong that it has long been said that things reinforce because they feel good or feel good because they reinforce. We should…
"The human species took a unique evolutionary step when its vocal musculature came under operant control and language was born." (p. 16)
"Because what we feel is within our skin, we cannot escape from it. The sense organs with which we feel it are not as easily observed as those with which…
"Because feelings appear to play such an important role, it has been argued that a science of behavior must be incomplete, that it cannot solve the kinds of problem we…
"Many organizations are dedicated to the prevention of nuclear war, overpopulation, and the exhaustion and destruction of a livable environment, but . . . the principal modus operandi of these…
"A designed way of life would be liked by those who lived it (or the design would be faulty), but it would almost certainly not appeal to those who like…
"If human nature means the genetic endowment of the species, we cannot change it. But we have the science needed to design a world that would take that nature into…
"The basic behavioral processes can be studied without confusion only when [verbal behavior] is out of action. However, verbal behavior itself can be analyzed in the same terms." (p. 10)
"The theory of evolution is an interpretation, but it is strongly supported by a science in which prediction and control are possible—the science of genetics. The experimental analysis of behavior…
"Where prediction and control are not yet possible, one must turn to interpretation. That is standard scientific practice." (p. 9)
"In any field of science, one begins with facts that can be predicted and controlled with some precision and then moves on to more complex facts only when the increasing…
"Much of what is called behavioral science . . . is confined to what people have done throughout history or are doing now in the environments in which they live."…
"The fact that selection by consequences prepares only for a future like the selecting past is a flaw that, as we have seen, has been successively corrected—the flaw in natural…
"Ethics is mainly a matter of the conflict between immediate and remote consequences." (p. 6)
"Operant behavior, like natural selection, prepares the organism for a future, but it is only a future that is similar to the selecting past." (p. 3)
"The concept of purpose has been replaced by that of selection, which was first recognized by Darwin and Wallace in the natural selection of species." (p. 2)
"Why are we not more responsible or more intelligent? Why are we suffering from a failure of will? A better strategy is to look at our behavior and at the…
"... the earth grows steadily less habitable; and all this is exacerbated by a burgeoning population that resists control." (p. 1)
Starting February 10, the B. F. Skinner Foundation continues its project Skinner’s Quote of the Day with quotes from Upon Further Reflection (1987). The project launched on January 4, 2016.…
"Countercontrol is certainly effective, but it leads at best to a kind of uneasy equilibrium. The next step can be taken only through the explicit design of a culture which…
"The question Who will control? Is not to be answered with a proper name or by describing a kind of person (e.g., a benevolent dictator) or his qualifications (e.g., a…
" The struggle for freedom has not reduced or eliminated control; it has merely corrected it." (p. 197)
"When we punish bad behavior, we can give the individual credit for behaving well, but if we arrange conditions under which he “desires” to behave well, the conditions must get…
"Evidence recently acquired in the experimental analysis of operant conditioning . . . suggests that there are ways in which we could all feel freer than ever before." (p. 196)
"There are certain kinds of control under which people feel perfectly free." (p. 196)
"To say with John Stuart Mill, that “liberty consists in doing what one desires” is to neglect the determiners of desires." (p. 196)
"[In Beyond Freedom and Dignity] I was not discussing a philosophical entity called freedom but rather the behavior of those who struggle to be free." (pp. 195-196)
"[Many of my critics] have resorted to highly emotional terms, and a kind of hysterical blindness seems to have prevented some of them from reading what I actually wrote." (p.…
"The feeling of freedom is associated with doing the things a person wants to do. But why does he want to do them?" (p. 192)
"As Thoreau said, you don’t own things; things own you." (pp. 190-191)
"Hawthorne said that Thoreau made people feel guilty about their possessions, and I know what he meant. When I got my doctor’s degree, my family gave me a car, but…
"The linguist’s “deep structure,” like Freud’s “depth psychology,” is a spatial metaphor which serves several functions. It is useful in referring to the visibility in the determination of behavior. It…
"A dictionary does not give meanings of words, it gives other words having the same meanings." (p. 177)
"It is a rare person who picks up a hand of thirteen spades at bridge and views it as no less likely to occur than any of the other hands…
"When a response appears to have had an unlikely consequence, a fairly characteristic move is to repeat it immediately. If the same consequence follows, the response is further strengthened." (pp.…
"The fact that two basic types of superstitious behavior are commonly observed in such an “unintelligent” organism as a pigeon suggests that superstition must have been very widespread before corrective…
"The more “intelligent” the organism, the more likely it was to be superstitious." (p. 172)
"Vulnerability to coincidence must have increased as the process of operant conditioning accelerated, and when a single instance of response-and-consequence began to work a significant change, various kinds of superstitious…
"Coincidence is the heart of operant conditioning. A response is strengthened by certain kinds of consequences, but not necessarily because they are actually produced by it." (p. 172)
"Contingencies of reinforcement which shape ontogenic behavior can be arranged and studied in the laboratory. Most of the contingencies of survival responsible for phylogenic behavior observed in the field are…
"The experimental analysis of behavior is concerned with the contingent relations which prevail among three things—the situation in which behavior occurs, the behavior itself, and its rewarding or reinforcing consequences."…
"When it finds its most effective methods, education will be almost uniquely relevant to the task of setting up and maintaining a better way of life." (p. 148)
"The free school is no school at all. Its philosophy signalizes the abdication of the teacher." (p. 147)
"The natural, logical outcome of the struggle for personal freedom in education is that the teacher should improve his control of the student rather than abandon it." (p. 147)
"The teacher can often make the change from punishment to positive reinforcement in a surprisingly simple way—by responding to the student’s successes rather than his failures." (p. 145)
"What we may call the struggle for freedom in the Western world can be analyzed as a struggle to escape from or avoid punitive or coercive treatment." (p. 143)
"Individualized treatment removes the greatest source of inefficiency in traditional instruction—the requirement that large numbers of students advance at the same speed, which is almost necessarily the wrong speed for…
"The power of contingency management in the classroom is well established—though, again, it is not yet widely used." (p. 135)
"What has come to be called the “experimental analysis of behavior” has already given rise to an effective technology of teaching, although it is not yet widely known or used."…
"I am, of course, a radical rather than a methodological behaviorist. I do not believe that there is a world of mentation or subjective experience that is being, or must…