Author: B. F. Skinner Foundation

Help is charity only for the helpless. We do not help those who can help themselves when we make it unnecessary for them to do so. Instead, we deprive them…

We have developed more and more efficient ways of getting the things we need, and in doing so we have deprived ourselves of some powerful reinforcers. We have built a…

The human organism has evolved under conditions in which great effort has been needed for survival, and a person is in a very real sense less than human when he…

The basic researcher has, in fact, a tremendous advantage. Any slight advance in our understanding of human behavior which leads to improved practices in behavior modification will eventually work for…

The first behavior which needs to be modified is obviously that of the teacher, administrator, or philosopher of education. (p. 328)

Prevailing practices [in American elementary and high school education] are derived from unscientific “philosophies of education” and from the personal experiences of administrators and teachers, and the results are particularly…

The experimental analysis of behavior is more than measurement. It is more than testing hypotheses. It is an empirical attack upon the manipulable variables of which behavior is a function.…

Behavior modification is environment modification, but this is not widely recognized. Very little current “behavioral science” is really behavioral, because prescientific modes of explanation still flourish, but behavior modification is…

The genetic history is at the moment beyond control, but the environmental history, past and present, can be supplemented and changed, and that is what is done in a genuine…

The theory which accompanies an experimental analysis is particularly helpful in justifying practice because behavior modification often means a vast change in the way in which we deal with people…

Techniques of behavior modification often seem, after the fact, like the plainest of common sense, but we should remember that they remained undiscovered or unused for a long time and…

The amenable conditions of the laboratory are likely to bring the researcher under the control of deferred consequences and to maintain his behavior when it is only intermittently reinforced. (p.…

The effects of reinforcement are often deferred and need to be mediated, and this is particularly true when reinforcement is used in place of punishment because the latter has quicker…

A contribution ... — from basic to applied — would traditionally be described as the “confidence” with which contingencies are now designed in solving practical problems. Laboratory successes generalize to…

... an important difference [between basic and applied research] lies in the reasons why research is undertaken and supported. The applied researcher is under the influence of a special kind…

It is hard to see the contingencies of reinforcement which prevail in daily life and hence to understand the behavior they generate.4 Laboratory research tells us what to look for…

The behavior modification of the future will also make a far more extensive use of the control exerted by the current environment, of deprivation and satiation, of the conditioning of…

Another useful principle discovered in basic research has to do with the maintenance of behavior . . . Schedules are now widely used to solve what are essentially practical problems—for…

Evidently it is hard for a rat to acquire the operant of “letting go.” It lets go of an object when it is either punished or not reinforced for holding…

An early effort to shape complex behavior was suggested by an experiment in which a chimpanzee used poker chips to operate a sort of vending machine.1 It was implied by…

Most improvements in technology now come from what is essentially basic research. Behavior modification is an example. Its origins lay in a relatively “pure” experimental analysis. (p. 322)

The first scientific laws were probably the rules of craftsmen. In other words, science seems to have emerged from efforts to solve practical problems ... As science advances, however, the…